Author: Anna & Mark

Quality chicken feed

Chick feed ingredientsMaybe in a decade, we will
have achieved the chicken feed holy grail — 100% homegrown feed most
of which isn’t based on grain.  But we’ve only been on the farm
five and a half years and are still working up to growing all of our
human food, so what little chicken feed energy we have left has mostly
gone toward putting in
chicken
pasture systems

Our flock forages for an increasing percentage of their own food each
year, but we fill in the gaps with plain old store bought grain
mixtures from the local feed store.




This image shows the tag
of the junk food we’re giving our broilers this spring.  I asked
Mark to request unmedicated feed, but the folks at the feed store
looked at him like he was nuts and gave him the only chick feed they
had.  In addition to the unwanted chemicals, you’ll notice the
ingredient list is topped by vague terms like “grain products”, “plant
protein products”, and “processed grain by-products”.  Finally, as
Harvey Ussery explained in
The
Small-Scale Poultry Flock
, bagged feed could be
several months old, which means the oils in the grain may have gone
rancid — the manufacturers are careful to leave the date off the tag,
although if you call the company, they might be willing to tell what
the code means.  Maybe you can see why I call it junk food?




Sunrise Broiler feedI can’t quite talk myself
into grinding our own grains and hand mixing the way Ussery does since
we don’t have the infrastructure yet.  But some friends of ours
run a
pastured
livestock operation

and let us get in on an order of high quality feed from
Sunrise
Farm
.  Take a
look at the tag on a bag of their broiler feed — I’d eat that! 
Yes, it is 1% less protein (since Sunrise recommends using this feed
for the whole life span of a broiler rather than switching between a
starter and a grower feed), but I can understand most of the
ingredients.  Corn, roasted soybeans, oats, fish meal, seaweed,
vitamins and minerals, and probiotics.  There are no GMO
ingredients, and the feed is ground to order, so we know it’s fresh
when it arrives.




Of course, the price tag
is higher since we have to get the feed delivered from northern
Virginia (a $2 per bag addition to the $15.75 broiler feed and $15
layer feed).  That’s actually only a hair more than we’ve been
paying for our starter feed, since we buy it in 25 pound bags for easy
carrying through the quarter mile of mud from our cars to our
barn.  Sunrise layer feed does cost 22% more than we’ve been
paying, though.




Some poultry keepers
believe that it’s cheaper to buy expensive feed since the chickens will
waste less and produce more.  Even if that’s not true, we’re
personally eating all of the eggs and meat from our flock, so healthier
birds should mean healthier human bodies.  I’ll keep you posted
about whether I think it’s worthwhile it after the fancy feed arrives.



Our chicken waterer is the other side of
providing for a healthy flock, keeping them hydrated with POOP-free
water.

How to become an incubation expert

Incubation HandbookThose of you who have been
reading regularly will have noticed that I’ve been experimenting and
researching for the last year to figure out how to hatch more healthy,
homegrown chicks with less drama.  I summed up all of my newfound
knowledge in a 99 cent ebook —
Permaculture
Chicken: Incubation Handbook
.



The book walks
beginners through
perfecting the incubating and hatching process so they can enjoy the
exhilaration of the hatch without the angst of dead chicks.  92
full
color photos bring incubation to life, while charts, diagrams, and
tables provide the hard data you need to accomplish a hatch rate of 85%
or more.




Topics include:

  • How chickens fit into a permaculture system
  • Reasons to incubate your own eggs
  • The mother hen option
  • Unfertilized eggChoosing the best eggs, with information on
    seasons, parentage, egg shape, and shell quality
  • Storing and marking eggs
  • What to expect when buying mail order eggs
  • Choosing the best incubator
  • The basics of incubation: time, temperature, humidity, turning,
    etc.
  • Pros and cons of dry incubation, including ways to calculate egg
    weight loss
  • Candling eggs
  • What to do during temperature spikes and power outages
  • Newly hatched chickPreparing for the hatch,
    hatching, and dry off period
  • When and how to help chicks out of the shell
  • How to tell whether unhatched eggs are alive
  • Calculating percent viable eggs, hatch rate, and survivability
  • Troubleshooting incubation problems, including tips on autopsying
    eggs and a dichotomous key to pinpoint causes
  • Diagnosing, preventing, and dealing with hatch-related ailments
    like wry neck, spraddle leg, and more
  • Chicks on pastureCaring for sick chicks and
    knowing when and how to euthanize
  • Basic needs of chicks after hatching: temperature, food, and water
  • Housing chicks, with information on outdoor brooders
  • Pasturing very young birds

I hope you’ll splurge a
buck to check
my
newest ebook

out.  And if you really want to  make my day, please leave a
review.  Thanks so much!

Causes of chicken hatching problems

Day old chick

Our first trial hatch in the Brinsea
Mini Advance incubator
 was better than I’d expected but worse than I’d hoped.  Four eggs  out of seven pipped, two chicks hatched, and one survived.  Although it was emotionally tough, I chose to autopsy all of the dead eggs in hopes of improving my hatch rate for next time.

  • Chick dead in shellOne chick was speared by
    another’s claw as it tried to hatch.  The dead chick was hatching about half an hour later than its sibling and had just reached the stage where it was beginning to push the mostly detached egg top aside when its precocious sibling clambered over top of it and stuck its foot inside the crack.  In a way, this is a crazy fluke, but the experience also makes me think that it might be smart to have somewhere else for newly hatched chicks to fluff out rather than on top of their
    hatching siblings.  Since I’ve read that it’s best not to move chicks to the brooder until they’re fully fluffed out, that means a spare incubator or other enclosed, warm space.
  • Chick dead at pipping stageAnother chick started pipping, but only seemed able to push small chips out of its shell.  (I’ve enlarged the hole after death to see in.)  I don’t know whether
    the shell was abnormally hard or the chick was abnormally weak.  I’d read not to help chicks out of the shell, so I stood back, and the chick eventually perished (perhaps in part because an earlier hatched chick (not the same one as above) rolled the egg over so that the hole was face-down on the ground.)  Since the chick died anway, I wonder if
    I wouldn’t have been better off helping this obviously struggling chick?  On the other hand, it might have come out weak and had to be culled anyway.
  • Air pocket in dead eggThree eggs had nearly full-formed chicks inside but they didn’t manage (or, apparently, even try) to pip.  Some sources suggest that late stage dead in shell chicks are signs of incorrect humidity, often too high.  I didn’t keep track of the size of the air pocket over time by candling, but I may try that next time around to help me keep the humidity in the right range.
  • Finally, one chick hatched on day 22 but died less than a day later.  Chicks that hatch late and are “soft” are indications of the average incubation temperature being lower than optimal, and temperature was definitely the spot where I did the worst job during incubation.  Air temperature in the kitchen fluctuated between 45 degrees and 85 degrees and the incubator’s high and low temperature alarms went off several times.

The good news is that all of the eggs were viable and made it nearly to hatching time, which means our rooster and hens are all fertile.  And watching the first chick hatch was quite an experience — well worth the price of the incubator by itself!  Hopefully I can fix my mistakes and have more living chicks next time.

 

Incubation HandbookSince writing this post, I’ve experimented much more with incubation.  I developed a dichotomous key that makes it easy to figure out exactly what went wrong (and how to prevent the problem from reoccurring).  Learn more about troubleshooting the hatch in my ebook.

Permaculture Chicken: Incubation Handbook walks beginners through perfecting the incubating and hatching process so they can enjoy the exhilaration of the hatch without the angst of dead chicks. 92 full color photos bring incubation to life, while charts, diagrams, and tables provide the hard data you need to accomplish a hatch rate of 85% or more.