Although the traditional,
stationary chicken coop and run system has very little to recommend
it, the competing options all have pros and cons.  In case you’re
considering including chickens in a permaculture system, here are the
advantages and disadvantages I see with chicken tractors, forest
pastures, and deep bedding.



Chicken
tractors are all the
rage right now, and we jumped on the bandwagon when we first got
chickens.  A chicken tractor is definitely superior to a
traditional coop and run as long as you make your tractor light enough
that you will move it every day.  Using a chicken tractor, you can
provide your chickens with plenty of greenery for most of the year,
which keeps their egg yolks orange and healthy.  Smart chickens
also tend to snag a bug here and there, which makes them healthier than
chickens living in the moonscape of a permanent
run.  Finally, chicken tractors can be used in the garden to work
up new ground or to fertilize the soil during the winter, although I’ve
always felt that our chickens’ health declines when they are stuck
working on the same bare ground for day after day.  I would
definitely recommend chicken tractors to people in suburbia who don’t
have room for anything else and who just have a couple of birds and a
small garden and lawn.



On the other hand,
chicken tractors have some serious disadvantages for the
self-sufficient farmer.  If you’re raising more than a handful of
egg-layers, you either need to build a big tractor (tough to move) or
lots of small tractors (time-consuming to move.)  Tractors are
also too small for keeping a mature rooster with hens, so you’ll be
stuck buying hatchlings as long as you’re using chicken tractors. 
Finally, although chickens in tractors are healthier than those in
coops, they are less healthy than those on true pasture. 
We’ll probably keep our tractors around for when we need isolation
coops, but other than that we’ve moved our chickens to the forest
pasture.



Forest
pastures are my
current obsession, so keep in mind that I’m a bit biased.  Maybe
in a few years I will have discovered the disadvantages of this sytem
as well, but for now, I’ll just mention a few basic pros and
cons.  On the disadvantage side, forest pastures take several
years to really get established (although you can see some of the
benefits right away), and you need a lot more space than you do for
raising chickens in tractors.  On the other hand, even during our
first year we’ve seen that chickens are healthier on pasture than in a
tractor since they’re able to hunt for more insects and eat a more
varied diet.  I’ve also found that I’m able to get the same number
of eggs while feeding the chickens less storebought feed, and that’s
before any of our food trees come into production.



Harnessing the fertility from
your chickens’ excrement is key in any permaculture system, and I
actually find the fertility a bit easier to manage with a forest
pasture than with a chicken tractor.  We tended to use the latter
to fertilize our “lawn” since tractors don’t work well with raised
beds, then we cut the grass to feed the garden.  With the chickens
roosting in a coop, we’ll be able to change out the manure-filled straw
or leaves at intervals and put it directly on the garden or in the
compost heap.  We’ve also been able to use the chicken pasture as
a way of expediting wood
chip composting and
garden waste composting, while providing insects for the chickens at
the same time.  And now that we’ve planted
winter wheat in one
paddock, I have high hopes we’ll be able to harvest straw from the
pasture as well.  So even though we lose the chickens’ daily
manure as they wander around the pasture, I don’t feel like the forest
pasture system really wastes their waste.



Although we haven’t tried it
ourselves, many permaculture advocates are fond of the deep
bedding system,
where chickens are raised in a confined coop on dense layers of straw,
wood chips, or leaves.  As the bedding is fouled, more layers are
added on top, so the deep bedding system concentrates all of the
chickens’ waste and creates awesome compost.  On the other hand, I
don’t think the system is worth the health tradeoff — without access
to fresh greenery and bugs, the chickens will be much less healthy, and
their meat and eggs will provide fewer nutrients for you.  I also
don’t like the idea of having to buy all of the deep bedding material,
since I’m trying to turn our farm into as much of a closed loop as
possible.  Perhaps a deep bedding advocate would like to weigh in
on the issue?



While I’m on the
subject, why not go to the other extreme and free range your chickens?  Truly
free ranged chickens do tend to be the very healthiest flocks, but they
wreak havoc on the vegetable garden, scratching up mulches and eating
tomatoes.  I prefer to keep my flock healthy by continually
diversifying their pasture rather than risking the health of the garden
to their busy feet and beaks.



I
know this is a very long post, so let me sum up.  In my opinion,
alternative methods of raising chickens are all a tradeoff between
providing the optimal fertility to your garden versus keeping your
chickens as healthy as possible.  Deep bedding is at one extreme,
with unhealthy chickens and healthy gardens, while free range is at the
other extreme with healthy chickens and unhealthy gardens.  Both
forest pastures and chicken tractors have some of the best of both
worlds, but chickens tend to be a bit healthier on forest pastures and
your garden tends to be a bit healthier with chicken tractors.

Raising Poultry on Pasture wasn’t quite what I was
expecting, but I’m still glad I checked out this compilation of a
decade of GRIT articles.  Since the book is, essentially, a “best
of” collection from the magazine, each chapter was written by a
different poultry enthusiast, which strengthens the book by giving it a
wide range of opinions and points of view.  Big names like Joel
Salatin, Andy Lee, and Harvey Ussery are represented, but so are less
well known authors writing from around the U.S.



The downside of the
mixed points of view is that you should probably plan to read the whole
book rather than dipping in to find one right answer.  Articles
side by side contradicted each other, which is perfectly understandable
— every farm is a little different, so techniques that work in one
area won’t work as well in another.  Think of the book as primary
research and draw your own conclusions.



Although I found lots of
tidbits (which I’ll flesh out in later posts) relevant to my own
operation, I should also warn you that Raising
Poultry on Pasture
is written for folks running a commercial operation, selling hundreds
of broilers and/or eggs.  If you’re just trying to raise eggs or
meat for yourself while keeping your chickens as happy and healthy as
possible, you’ll probably skim over large segments of this book. 
I’d recommend that backyard enthusiasts check Raising
Poultry on Pasture
out of their local library while those of you considering a poultry
business pony up the $45 to buy a copy.